Elizabeth Fry is one of Britain's most famous historical
figures (of either gender). Her Forest Gate significance is probably that
her life donutted the district, with firm connections to: East Ham, Green
Street, West Ham, Barking, Dagenham, Stratford, Plaistow, Hackney and Wanstead!
Elizabeth Fry - 1780 - 1845 |
She was born in Norfolk on 21 May 1780, as Elizabeth (better
known as Betsy) Gurney. Her father was a banker and her mother was from the
Barclays family, behind the eponymous bank. She was, by six years, Samuel
Gurney's (see here)older brother, and when their mother died in Elizabeth's
twelfth year, she took on a major responsibility for bringing up her younger
siblings, including Sam. She was, like her family, a Quaker, but unlike most of
them, took her religion seriously.
She spent her childhood years in Earlham Hall in Norfolk,
after which the Forest Gate Grove is named.
That building now houses the law faculty of East Anglia University.
Aged 20, Betsy met Joseph Fry, also a Quaker and a tea
merchant, who was a member of the chocolate manufacturing family. The couple
married and moved to Brick Lane in Whitechapel - close to Fry's work place.
They soon moved to St Mildred's Court, opposite Mansion House in the City and
became hosts and hostesses to much of the City of London's considerable Quaker
society - a duty Elizabeth hated.
Joseph's father died in 1808 and left the Fry estate -
Plashet House, with servants and a cattle farm - in East Ham and Green Street,
to him. The Frys upped sticks and moved. Their St Mildred's Court house has
long gone but on its site is a City of London blue plaque, recording "Mrs
Elizabeth Fry, 1780 --1845, prison reformer, lived here 1800 - 1809." (for
details of the other, many, memorials to Betsy - see the end of this article).
Joseph Fry - Elizabeth's husband, in 1824 |
Elizabeth, meanwhile, was busy producing her 11 children,
who in turn provided her with 25 grandchildren. She would have been the first,
however, to accept that a life of domestic bliss was not for her. In 1811 she
became a Minister of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). She soon set
up a girls boarding school in a large house, opposite her own in Plashet, with
accommodation for 70 girls.
The Frys home in Plashet, before hard times descended |
Two years later, a French Friend, Stephen Grellett, was visiting
Newgate prison (on the site of what is
now The Old Bailey)and witnessed, inside:
a sight and smell so
dreadful ... above everything it is the plight of the women and babies, women
lying in layers, the babies on the ground, all but naked, and dying in the cold
- a population rendered diseased, brutish and depraved (that sends Grellett)out
onto the street, chocking for breath.
Grellett rushed with his story to Elizabeth Fry, and she
took up the cudgels.
She found, for herself, that the women's sections of prisons were over-crowded with women and children, who were forced to do their own washing and cooking and sleep on straw.
She found, for herself, that the women's sections of prisons were over-crowded with women and children, who were forced to do their own washing and cooking and sleep on straw.
Elizabeth Fry, entering a women's cell at Newgate. The overcrowding she encountered is indicated by the cell, on the left of the photo |
Her response was to
get clothing in to female prisoners, establish education classes and sewing
groups there and provide bibles. She set about bullying prison authorities to
introduce humane, sanitary conditions for women, many of whom were held there
without trial or on trivial, or no, charges.
In 1817 she founded the Association for the Reformation of
Female Prisoners in Newgate, and four years later the London Society for
Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners.
She was in her element, in the early years of
the nineteenth century, and applied what would be regarded two centuries later as slick PR
campaigns to draw attention to her and the female prisoners' causes. She called
upon the resources of her well-connected friends to highlight prison
conditions.
She insisted on entering Newgate unaccompanied, and thereby gained both the trust of the female prisoners and great public attention for here "fortitude and bravery".
She insisted on entering Newgate unaccompanied, and thereby gained both the trust of the female prisoners and great public attention for here "fortitude and bravery".
Visiting prison cells, unaccompanied by prison staff |
She campaigned against women being manacled in chains,
against the public exhibition of female prisoners, against transport ships,
solitary confinement and above all, capital punishment.
She would attract wealthy visitors (left of sketch) and supporters, to watch her read to female prisoners at Newgate - good for fund raising |
In 1818 she gave evidence to a House of Commons committee on
conditions in British prisons - and so became the first woman to present
evidence to the British Parliament. Not the only "first" to her name.
Above - Newgate Prison, in 1902, shortly before its demolition. Below, the statue of Betsy that stands in the Old Bailey, built on the site of the prison. |
For relaxation, in 1824, the family took a lease on two
fishing cottages at Dagenham Breach (pretty much on where Ford's factory is today) and spent subsequent summer holidays there.
Elizabeth's daughter, and East Ham historian, Katharine wrote:
It is difficult to convey the
sort of enjoyment Dagenham afforded us ... there was fishing, boating, driving
and riding inland by day, and when night closed in over the wild marsh scenery
the cries of water birds, the rustling of the great beds of reeds, the strange
sounds from the shipping on the river gave the place an indescribable charm.
Dagenham Breach in 19th century |
The charm was not to last, however. In 1829 Joseph Fry's
business hit financial difficulties and the family were forced to sell the
Plashet estate in order to survive. Family connections stepped in, to save the
day. Elizabeth's younger brother, Samuel, himself a successful banker, was
beginning to build himself a substantial property portfolio in the Forest Gate
area.
The Upton estate, at the time of the Frys residence |
He owned Ham House and its grounds - what was later to
become West Ham Park. Within the grounds was Upton Lane House, which is said to
have been constructed earlier in the century from the barn and buildings of an
earlier house. He lent it to his sister and brother-in-law.
This later became known as Cedar House, with its distinctive
yellow bricks and central pediment and classical porch. It was located on what
is now Portway.
After the Frys/Gurneys moved on, the building became the headquarters of the Territorial Army, until its demolition in 1960. The current building on the site bears a plaque, commemorating Betsy's stay there.
After the Frys/Gurneys moved on, the building became the headquarters of the Territorial Army, until its demolition in 1960. The current building on the site bears a plaque, commemorating Betsy's stay there.
Samuel was indebted to the Frys - Betsy had helped bring him
up, after their mother had died, and Joseph had nurtured his career, when he
first moved to London, in search of work. Samuel showed his gratitude, by
loaning it out to the Fry family, until Elizabeth's death in 1845. Katharine
was to remark that: "from the grounds there was a fine view across the
river to Greenwich Park."
Elizabeth always referred to the house as "Upton".
Elizabeth always referred to the house as "Upton".
The wolves, having been kept from the door, Elizabeth was
able to resume her philanthropic works.
She worked with other Quakers, including her brother-in-law,
Thomas Fowell Buxton, to fight against the slave trade. She founded a Night
Shelter for the homeless in 1819 and, in one of her last acts, a Refuge for Prostitutes, in Hackney, in 1844.
She campaigned vigorously against prisoner transportation,
and visited 106 prison ships and over 12,000 convicts. Her campaign resulted in
the abolition of prison ships, in 1837.
In 1840, she opened a training school for nurses and
inspired Florence Nightingale, who took a team of Fry's nurses on her famous
Crimean War mission in 1856.
Elizabeth Fry was no shrinking violet. She revelled in the
public attention she attracted. Queen Victoria was an admirer and patron, and
they met on a number of occasions.
Betsy sought, and gained, international recognition for her
works, touring French prisons in 1839 and Danish prisons two years later.
Victoria was not the only royalty drawn to Betsy. In 1842
she entertained Frederick William 1V of Prussia, at "Upton", after she
had given him a tour of Newgate Prison, following his interest in her reform work
there. The visit caused all kinds of upsets in diplomatic circles, because many
state protocols were ignored.
Above - King of Prussia pub Prussia. Below Stratford pub named after him, whose name was changed to King Edward V11 on out-break of WW1 |
The king's visit to West Ham was commemorated by naming a
pub on Stratford Broadway the King of Prussia - a name rapidly changed to the King Edward V11,
with the onset of war, in 1914.
Elizabeth Fry died in Ramsgate, aged 65 - on 12 October 1845, three years after
the king's visit to Upton. She was initially buried in the Friends burial
ground, in Barking, but as that closed, and the one at Wanstead Friend's House,
in Bush Wood, was refurbed in 1968, she was moved there and remains.
Her legacy is huge - and at a time when, rightly, there are
complaints about the lack of statuary etc to women in this country, Elizabeth
and her supporters can have few complaints.
She became the first female non-royal to appear on a British
banknote, when she adorned the £5 note, from 2001 - 2016. There are plaques
commemorating her on the site of her birth, death and original burial ground,
in Barking - as well as those in St Mildred's Court and site of Cedar House,
referred to, above.
There is a statue of her in the Old Bailey - the site of the old Newgate Prison, demolished in 1902 - with which she is most associated, and memorials to her at Kensall Green cemetery, Wormwood Scrubs, All Saints Church, Cambridge and the Home Office in Marsham Street.
More locally, there is a bust of her in East Ham library and
St Stephen's church - finally demolished after bomb damage in 1954 - off Green
Street, was dedicated to her. Katherine Road is a misspelled (should be Katharine)is named after one of her
daughters and the broken drinking fountain on the corner of Capel Road and
Woodford Road, is dedicated to one of her sons, Joseph, who ran the Metropolitan
Drinking Fountain Association (see here).
There is a statue of her in the Old Bailey - the site of the old Newgate Prison, demolished in 1902 - with which she is most associated, and memorials to her at Kensall Green cemetery, Wormwood Scrubs, All Saints Church, Cambridge and the Home Office in Marsham Street.
St Stephen's, Upton Park - now demolished, following WW2 bomb damage - St Stephen's Parade on Green St sits on the site. Church dedicated to Elizabeth Fry |
Clearly, no small Fry!
Footnote
We are grateful to Derk Pelly's Upton Connection - 1732-1916, a story of families, for use of some of the line drawings of houses in this article.
Footnote
We are grateful to Derk Pelly's Upton Connection - 1732-1916, a story of families, for use of some of the line drawings of houses in this article.